Here’s what I know about the real life story of Julie d’Aubigny.
There’s much that we don’t know about her: her date and place of birth, where she died, or how many of her infamous adventures are true.
Even her name varies. In her lifetime and after her debut she went by her professional name, Mademoiselle Maupin, and the crowds called her La Maupin (although her married name was Madame de Maupin, opera singers were traditionally addressed as Mademoiselle). In some cast lists her name is given as Julie-Émilie de Maupin. D’Albert addressed her as Émilie in his letters (published at his death in 1759), while Thévenard called her Julia in his famous note. Biographers and writers have used all of these names. After the publication of Théophile Gautier’s novel Mademoiselle de Maupin in 1835, in which the character based on Maupin was called Madeleine, that name too has been used. Nowadays, she is best known as Julie d’Aubigny.
Writing a book about Julie d’Aubigny is a challenge that has taken four years and a huge amount of research. So here’s the true story of her life on which Goddess is based, compiled from contemporary sources, later biographers, and my own archival research. (And yes, there are spoilers below, even though the story is three hundred years old and available in many books and all over the internet.)
Julie d’Aubigny: the (true) life story
Born around 1673, Julie was the daughter of a secretary to King Louis XIV’s Master of Horse, Count d’Armagnac, one of France’s great nobles. I believe she lived at first in the riding school at the Tuileries Palace in Paris, then moved with the court to Versailles in 1682, and spent her youth in the Great Stables (Grande Écurie). Her father was an accomplished swordsman and trained the court pages, and so educated his only child alongside the boys. She dressed as a boy and excelled at fencing from an early age.
By the age of 14 she had become d’Armagnac’s mistress and he found her a husband, the timid sieur de Maupin, who was promptly dispatched to the provinces to a stimulating job in tax collection. Some accounts claim he was sent off the morning after the wedding.
But she quickly tired of d’Armagnac and ran away with a fencing master called Séranne, with whom she found herself down on her luck, for the first of many times, in Marseille. They earned what they could from giving fencing demonstrations at fairs and in taverns – at one, a man refused to believe she was really a woman because she was simply too good. She took off her blouse and the crowd fell silent.
She began her singing career with the Marseille Opéra, and her early appearances on stage were admired, particularly by one young woman (name unknown) with whom she fell in love. The girl’s family quickly packed her off to a convent in Avignon. Julie followed, entering as a postulate. One night after an elderly nun died, the pair stole the body, placed it in the girl’s cell and set fire to the convent, and escaped. They were on the run for three months and Julie was sentenced to death in absentia by the parliament in Provence under the name sieur de Maupin, as the judges couldn’t quite admit the possibility of one woman abducting another – let alone from a convent.
The girl was returned to her family eventually, and Julie continued her journey through the countryside, now back in men’s clothes. One day she literally bumped into a young nobleman, Comte d’Albert, who challenged her to a duel, not realising she was female. She beat him, wounded him, nursed him back to health, and in some accounts he is the great romance of her life. At the very least they were lifelong friends.
She took singing lessons from a retired teacher, Maréchal, and paired up with a new lover, Gabriel-Vincent Thévenard, who also fancied himself as a singer. Together they returned to Paris and on their first day there, while Julie was visiting her old lover d’Armagnac to convince him to arrange a pardon for her little indiscretion in Provence, Thévenard auditioned for the Opéra, and was hired immediately. His condition was that Julie also be allowed to audition and the Opéra reluctantly agreed, so by the age of 17 she found herself a member of one of the world’s greatest musical companies.
She was pardoned for her crimes by the King and went on to become a star, appearing in all of the Opéra’s major productions from 1690 to 1694. She became adored and celebrated – she became La Maupin.
Her career in Paris was interrupted after she attended a court ball in men’s clothes and kissed a young woman on the dance floor, for which insult she was challenged to a duel by three different noblemen. She told each of them she would meet him outside, fought them all at once, and beat them all. But given that Louis had outlawed duels, she had to flee to Brussels, where she became the lover of the Elector of Bavaria. He found her a bit too much to handle after she stabbed herself on stage with a real dagger, and offered her 40,000 francs to leave him alone. She threw the coins at the feet of his emissary and stomped off to Madrid in a huff.
She found herself working as a maid to a Countess Marino, whom she resented so much that one night before a grand ball she dressed the Countess’s hair with radishes so that everyone but the Countess could see them. Needless to say she was on the road back to Paris before the Countess arrived home.
La Maupin was pardoned for her duels, this time through the intervention of Monsieur, the King’s brother, and returned to the stage. She performed for the court at Versailles, appeared once again in most major Opéra productions, and introduced the Italian idea of the contralto voice to France. She defended chorus girls against lecherous barons and pompous tenors, became infatuated with the soprano Fanchon Moreau, tried to kill herself, threatened to blow the Duchess of Luxembourg’s brains out, and ended up in court for attacking her landlord. She and Thévenard remained best of friends until her retirement, although they also had some infamous spats, and one evening on stage she bit his ear so hard he bled.
Through many heroic and sometimes pathetic adventures, the crowds adored her – in spite of her high-profile affairs with women, her brawling and duelling, her breeches and swords and even her contralto.
In 1703 she fell in love with Madame la Marquise de Florensac, the “most beautiful woman in France” (Saint-Simon 1897) – so beautiful that she too had had to flee to Brussels for several years because the Dauphin was obsessed with her. La Florensac was also one of the most famous, wealthy and well-connected women in France. The two women lived, according to one account, in perfect harmony for two years, until de Florensac died of a fever.
Distraught, La Maupin entered a convent where she died at the age of 33, in the words of one biographer, “destroyed by an inclination to do evil in the sight of her God and a fixed intention not to”, after which, he claims, “her body was cast upon the rubbish heap” (Gilbert 1932).
Bonnart’s contemporary likeness of Madmoiselle de Maupin
Julie d’Aubigny has been the subject of many books and biographical works, at least one film, several plays, a ballet, numerous memes, and a French TV series. She was most famously reimagined in the 19th century by Théophile Gautier in his novel Mademoiselle de Maupin, in which the essence of her – although not her real life – became an enduring symbol of beauty, the Romantic ideal, and decadence.
And now I hope I have brought her to life again for you.
Kelly Gardiner 
Hi Kelly,
I loved your book. I now wish to know more about Julie’s life. Working in a bookshop I was lucky enough to get a proof copy to read prior to release. I have since been able to onsell very easily to several people. Thank you for such a wonderful book.
Sue
Thanks so much Sue. How lovely. I’m so glad to hear that you liked it.
And thanks for taking the time to get in touch.
Best wishes,
Kelly
Why has there not been a major motion picture about this woman??
Hi Kevin. Good question. There has been, but not in English and not for some time. For many decades she was just too outrageous to portray, although there is a story that Greta Garbo was cast to play her, but the movie was never made.
But such squeamishness, one hopes, ought to be able to be overcome nowadays.
Cheers,
Kelly
Greta Garbo would have been perfect casting!
Wouldn’t she? She was cast as Julie once but the film was never made. I’d love to know the inside story there, but haven’t been able to find out. Did they decide it was too radical a project? Or that she was type-cast after Queen Christina?
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Thank you so much! I’m actually putting Mrs. Julie in my book, I hope to portray her as awesome and over the top as she lived her entire life. This will be a very good guide for the book.
That’s my pleasure. Good luck with your writing!
Kelly
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Hey, I work at a community college publication. We’re trying to find graphics for our story on Maupin. Could we borrow some of your pictures or provide us some links to the photos you got? We would very much appreciate it.
Hi Megan,
The pictures I’ve used are mostly in the public domain, so you are very welcome to use them (eg the contemporary drawings, or film posters) or if not I have acknowledged the creator so you can link through to those (eg Rejected Princesses or the animation by Katie Elle).
You’re welcome to use the cover of Goddess, and you could also use covers of Mademoiselle de Maupin by Gautier – that’s had some weird and wonderful cover images over the decades.
There are lots of images online which seem to be about Julie but actually aren’t – and they’ve been re-used so many times it’s hard to tell.
Good luck with your story! Let me know how it goes.
Did all of this really happen to her? it seems wildly fictitious in detail, for one thing all happening before the age of 33, at a time when women were treated as second class this same account about a man would be just as crazy. is there good historical evidence that she really did all these things? if so she is certainly one of the largest most fantastical real world historical figures i’ve read about!
Some of it, yes, there is documentation, for example of her opera performances, and contemporary commentary on the fact that she wore men’s clothes and fought duels. Other stories are less well-documented – some were reported at the time in people’s journals or letters, but may be rumour. In some cases, the story sticks to her for hundreds of years, but I can’t find hard evidence. A couple of stories I have disproven completely. For example, you might see reports that she killed ten men in duels, but that is nonsense. But nevertheless she is still one of the world most remarkable figures, and was seen as such at the time and has been ever since.
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Wait – she became her father’s mistress???
Wait, never mind, I re-read it!
Ah, no, her father worked for d’Armagnac and she became d’Armagnac’s mistress.
As an actress, I’m obsessed with the idea of portraying her! She was so fascinating!
She was! And still is. I think she’d be hard to play, but interesting – in the past portrayed quite one-dimensionally but she’s much more complex. Hope you get the chance one day.
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Hi, Kelly!
As a history major, I can’t help but be fascinated by how empowering and progressive madame d’Aubigny was! She seems like such a fascinating person to analyze through the lens of microhistory. However, I’m having a bit of trouble trying to find records of her in works of Western history as records of her are so minuscule and convoluted, and many of the data on the Internet seemingly relying on the works of Gautier. I really wish to get to know her better, so I recently purchased the scholar edition for Saint-Simon in both print and e-book to search for his accounts on d’Augbigny and her mistress, but I’m currently having trouble trying to find his accounts about her due to the magnitude of the memoir. If it wouldn’t trouble you, could you tell me a chapter or a page where he talks about madame d’Aubigny? Thank you, and I hope you have a nice day! 😀
Hello, and please accept my apologies for the slow reply. I am locked down here and can’t access my books in my office, so hope these extracts I mentioned in my PhD thesis will help you. Saint-Simon is a very entertaining guide to the court of the Sun King, so I hope you enjoy his memoirs. In my edition (which is Hachette, 1897) it is in book 5, chapter 2 (or read online here: https://zims-lfr.kiwix.campusafrica.gos.orange.com/wikisource_fr_all_maxi/A/M%C3%A9moires_(Saint-Simon)/Tome_5/2
My translation is:
‘The Marquise de Florensac also died at thirty-five years, perhaps the most beautiful woman in France. She was the daughter of Saint-Nectaire and sister of [Comte de Crecy] Longueval, the lieutenant general killed in Catalonia without being married. Her mother had been one of the Queen’s ladies, and was beautiful, with spirit… So the Marquise de Florensac was very rich. She created many passions, and was never accused of being cruel, and was indeed the best woman in the world, the sweetest and most effortless in her beauty. She was exiled because of Monseigneur [the Dauphin], whose infatuation was beginning to make a commotion. Her husband, brother of the Duc d’Uzès, Monseigneur of Menin and the most foolish man in France, never realised, and loved her passionately. She died in two days, and left only a daughter [Anne-Charlotte], also beautiful.’ [She also had a son, François-Emmanuel.]
As you see, it does not mention La Maupin here, but the relationship has been noted by others, including her biographer, Letainturier-Fradin:
Their relationship lasted, undoubtedly, from 1703 to 1705, and for two years they dwelt in such affection they believed to be perfect, ethereal, and beyond reach of the contamination of men; the young women isolated themselves, enamoured, only appearing in public at occasions where their presence was essential. Indeed there are, after 1702, no songs or satire against the two women, except for critiques of the performances of La Maupin, who continued to be employed by the Opéra.
This is the only way to explain the relationship of the two women. The amorous character of the Marquise, and the history and fame of the androgynous La Maupin make this assumption perfectly possible, without us being accused of slander.
Also, on July 2, 1705, the day of the death of Mme la Marquise de Florensac, the pain of La Maupin was boundless. (1904, p 231, my translation)
It’s not easy to get to the bottom of all of these accounts of her life (it took me five years and I am still discovering more). But it is great fun trying to find out. I hope that helps!
Best wishes,
Kelly
Hi Kelly, I’m trying to do research on this historical figure and I was wondering if you could provide some of the contemporary sources you used? Thanks!
Hi Grant, the most important primary sources are the libretti of the operas in which she appeared, most of which are digitised now and accessible through the Bibliothèque nationale de France catalogue, and some of the contemporary Gazettes also in their collection. In terms of biographical accounts or other people’s diaries, they are often based on rumour or, like the Parfaict brothers, acknowledging rumours but refusing to address them – but their account is the key early one: Parfaict, François, Parfaict, Claude 1756, Dictionnaire Des Theatres De Paris: Contenant toutes les Pileces qui on ete repreeesentees jusqu’la present sur les differens Theatres François & sur celui de l’Academie Royale de Musique, les Extraits de celles qui ont ete jouees par les Comediens Italiens, vol. 3 Lambert, Paris. Early but not quite contemporary, and a source of most of the fun stories, is de La Porte, Abbe and Clément, J.M.B. 1775, Anecdotes Dramatiques, Paris. Hope that helps! Kelly
Hi,
am I reading here (below quoted from above) she was her father’s mistress at age 14?
” daughter of a secretary to King Louis XIV’s Master of Horse, Count d’Armagnac…
By the age of 14 she had become d’Armagnac’s mistress”
Perhaps mistress is used here in some sense as “aide-de-camp”?
Reread it again…sorry for the bother about the mistress thing.
No drama. It’s a lot of info in one sentence.
Thank you for your gracious forum hosting.
Dear Kelly,
Thank you so much for writing about Julie.
I am looking into her figure for one of the chapters of my PhD thesis. Do you know of any contemporary sources mentioning anything about her direct or indirect commissions, any building she moved into/refurbished or art collection she came to own (I assume in the years of her success at the Opera in particular)?
Thank you so much!
Best, Nicole
Hi Nicole,
I’m sorry, I can’t remember any documentation of that – in fact the only record of any place she lived (in Rue Centenary) doesn’t sound very fancy at all. She earned pretty good money over several years at the Opera, but was never fabulously wealthy – unlike her dear friend d’Albert (whose family was de Luynes), or her great love, Madame la Marquise de Florensac, who was wealthy in her own right and also married into the D’Uzes family. Both of those families as I’m sure you already know had extensive collections. Sorry I can’t be more help on that angle. But if you have any more specific questions, do get in touch again.
Cheers,
Kelly
So trivial but wasn’t she described as having blue eyes?
Hi,
Not trivial at all! It all helps us imagine her. Yes, the Parfaict Brothers describe her as having blue eyes, although I don’t think they ever saw her in person. They were writing a few decades after her death. Thanks for adding this. Cheers, Kelly
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